Three.js Materials

Quick Start

import * as THREE from "three";

// PBR material (recommended for realistic rendering)
const material = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
  color: 0x00ff00,
  roughness: 0.5,
  metalness: 0.5,
});

const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);

Material Types Overview

MeshBasicMaterial

No lighting calculations. Fast, always visible.

const material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({
  color: 0xff0000,
  transparent: true,
  opacity: 0.5,
  side: THREE.DoubleSide, // FrontSide, BackSide, DoubleSide
  wireframe: false,
  map: texture, // Color/diffuse texture
  alphaMap: alphaTexture, // Transparency texture
  envMap: envTexture, // Reflection texture
  reflectivity: 1, // Env map intensity
  fog: true, // Affected by scene fog
});

MeshLambertMaterial

Diffuse-only lighting. Fast, no specular highlights.

const material = new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial({
  color: 0x00ff00,
  emissive: 0x111111, // Self-illumination color
  emissiveIntensity: 1,
  map: texture,
  emissiveMap: emissiveTexture,
  envMap: envTexture,
  reflectivity: 0.5,
});

MeshPhongMaterial

Specular highlights. Good for shiny, plastic-like surfaces.

const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
  color: 0x0000ff,
  specular: 0xffffff, // Highlight color
  shininess: 100, // Highlight sharpness (0-1000)
  emissive: 0x000000,
  flatShading: false, // Flat vs smooth shading
  map: texture,
  specularMap: specTexture, // Per-pixel shininess
  normalMap: normalTexture,
  normalScale: new THREE.Vector2(1, 1),
  bumpMap: bumpTexture,
  bumpScale: 1,
  displacementMap: dispTexture,
  displacementScale: 1,
});

MeshStandardMaterial (PBR)

Physically-based rendering. Recommended for realistic results.

const material = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
  color: 0xffffff,
  roughness: 0.5, // 0 = mirror, 1 = diffuse
  metalness: 0.0, // 0 = dielectric, 1 = metal

  // Textures
  map: colorTexture, // Albedo/base color
  roughnessMap: roughTexture, // Per-pixel roughness
  metalnessMap: metalTexture, // Per-pixel metalness
  normalMap: normalTexture, // Surface detail
  normalScale: new THREE.Vector2(1, 1),
  aoMap: aoTexture, // Ambient occlusion (uses uv2!)
  aoMapIntensity: 1,
  displacementMap: dispTexture, // Vertex displacement
  displacementScale: 0.1,
  displacementBias: 0,

  // Emissive
  emissive: 0x000000,
  emissiveIntensity: 1,
  emissiveMap: emissiveTexture,

  // Environment
  envMap: envTexture,
  envMapIntensity: 1,

  // Other
  flatShading: false,
  wireframe: false,
  fog: true,
});

// Note: aoMap requires second UV channel
geometry.setAttribute("uv2", geometry.attributes.uv);

MeshPhysicalMaterial (Advanced PBR)

Extends MeshStandardMaterial with advanced features.

```javascript const material = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({ // All MeshStandardMaterial properties plus:

// Clearcoat (car paint, lacquer) clearcoat: 1.0, // 0-1 clearcoat layer strength clearcoatRoughness: 0.1, clearcoatMap: ccTexture, clearcoatRoughnessMap: ccrTexture, clearcoatNormalMap: ccnTexture, clearcoatNormalScale: new THREE.Vector2(1, 1),

// Transmission (glass, water) transmission: 1.0, // 0 = opaque, 1 = fully transparent transmissionMap: transTexture, thickness: 0.5, // Volume thickness for refraction thicknessMap: thickTexture, attenuationDistance: 1, // Absorption distance attenuationColor: new THREE.Color(0xffffff),

// Refraction ior: 1.5, // Index of refraction (1-2.333)

// Sheen (fabric, velvet) sheen: 1.0, sheenRoughness: 0.5, sheenColor: new THREE.Color(0xffffff), sheenColorMap: sheenTexture, sheenRoughnessMap: sheenRoughTexture,

// Iridescence (soap bubbles, oil slicks) iridescence: 1.0, iridescenceIOR: 1.3, iridescenceThicknessRange: [100, 400], iridescenceMap: iridTexture, iridescenceThicknessMap: iridThickTexture,

//